All fifty-seven cameras and all of the film were sold on the first day of demonstrations.ĭuring his time at Polaroid, Land was notorious for his marathon research sessions. Polaroid marketers incorrectly guessed that the camera and film would remain in stock long enough to manufacture a second run based on customer demand. Fifty-seven were put up for sale at the Jordan Marsh department store in Boston before the 1948 Christmas holiday. Polaroid originally manufactured sixty units of this first camera. Called the Land Camera, it was in commercial sale less than two years later. During World War II, he worked on military tasks, which included developing dark-adaptation goggles, target finders, the first passively guided smart bombs, and a special stereoscopic viewing system called the Vectograph which revealed camouflaged enemy positions in aerial photography.Ī little more than three years later, on February 21, 1947, Land demonstrated an instant camera and associated film to the Optical Society of America. Although the initial major application was for sunglasses and scientific work, it quickly found many additional applications: for color animation in the Wurlitzer 850 Peacock jukebox of 1942, for glasses in full-color stereoscopic (3-D) movies, to control brightness of light through a window, a necessary component of all LCDs, and many more. Land further developed and produced the sheet polarizers under the Polaroid trademark. The company was renamed the Polaroid Corporation in 1937. After a few early successes developing polarizing filters for sunglasses and photographic filters, Land obtained funding from a series of Wall Street investors for further expansion. Wheelwright came from a family of financial means and agreed to fund the company. In 1932, he established the Land-Wheelwright Laboratories together with his Harvard physics instructor, George Wheelwright, to commercialize his polarizing technology. She would then write up the homework and hand it in so that he could receive credit and not fail the course. Often his wife would extract from him the answers to homework problems, at the prodding of his instructor. According to biographer Peter Wensberg, once Land could see the solution to a problem in his head, he lost all motivation to write it down or prove his vision to others. Land returned to Harvard University after developing the polarizing film, but he did not finish his studies or receive a degree. His breakthrough came when he realized that, instead of attempting to grow a large single crystal of a polarizing substance, he could manufacture a film with millions of micron-sized polarizing crystals that were coaxed into perfect alignment with each other. He also availed himself of the New York Public Library to scour the scientific literature for prior work on polarizing substances. He was not associated with an educational institution and lacked the tools of a proper laboratory, making this a difficult endeavor, so he would sneak into a laboratory at Columbia University late at night to use their equipment. In New York City, he invented the first inexpensive filters capable of polarizing light which he called Polaroid film. After his freshman year, he left Harvard for New York City. He studied chemistry at Harvard University. The library there was posthumously named for him, having been funded by grants from his family. Land attended the Norwich Free Academy at Norwich, Connecticut, a semi-private high school, and graduated in the class of 1927. 1.2 Contributions to photo intelligenceĮdwin Land was born in Bridgeport, Connecticut to Martha (Goldfaden) and Harry Land, owner of a scrap metal yard both his parents were of Eastern European Jewish descent.
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